Although the main symptoms of dementia consist of neuropsychological impairment, particularly long-term memory, dementia often involves severe behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD). 

Chronic pain presents a persistent and significant clinical challenge. Research examining commonly used psychotherapeutic treatments suggests that the results are not always well maintained, and that pain often is unrelieved. Continued exploration of new and more effective approaches is necessary.

One session of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) appeared to be an effective treatment for test anxiety, reducing reported physiological distress, worry, and fears of negative evaluation.